Parenthetical Referencing or Harvard Referencing

Parenthetical referencing, also called Harvard referencing, is a quote style in which partial citations— for eg. (Smith 2010, p. 5)—are enclosed within round brackets (parentheses) and rooted in the text, either inside or after a sentence, as opposite to the footnote style. They go together by the list of full quotes or citations in alphabetical order in an end section, which is generally called references, or reference list.

Harvard referencing has two styles:

·         Author-date: It is mainly used in the science and social sciences, and is given by the American Chemical Society and the American Psychological Association (APA);

·         Author-title or author-page: It is mainly used in the humanities and arts, and is given by the Modern Language Association (MLA).

Author-date Method

In the author-date method, the reference or in-text citation is placed in between round brackets or parentheses, after the sentence or part of it that the citation supports, and includes the author's name, publication year, and page number(s) when a particular part of the source is referred to, example- (Smith 2008, p. 1) or (Smith 2008:1). The full citation is specified in the references section: Smith, John (2008). Name of the book.  Name of the publisher.

Author-title Method

In the author-title or author-page method, also called as MLA style, the in-text citation is placed in parentheses after the sentence or part of it, that the citation supports, and comprise the author's name (a short title only is needed when there is more than one work done by the same author) and a page number where suitable (Smith 2) or (Smith, Playing 2). (No "p." or "pp." prelude the page numbers and key words in titles appear in capital letters, following the MLA style guidelines.) A full quote or citation is given in the references part.

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