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Structure of Citation of Reference in Harvard Referencing

The structure of the citation or reference, under the author-date method is the author's surname,  publication year, and page number or range, in between round brackets or parentheses, as exemplified in the Smith example (Smith 2008, p. 3) or (Smith 2008:3).

The page number or page range is not used if the entire work is cited. The author's surname is left out if it appears in the text. Thus we can say: "Jones (2002) revolutionized the field of trauma surgery."

•  Two authors can be cited using "and" or "&": (Geane and Jones, 1991) or (Geane & Jones, 1991). More than two authors can be cited using "et al.": (Smith et al., 1991).

•  In some documentation styles (e.g., MLA style), any unknown date can be cited as that of having "no date of publication" by the short form as "no date" (Deane, n.d.).

•   In such documentation styles, works not having pagination are referred to in the References list as "not paginated" with the short form for that phrase (n. pag.).[6]

•  "No place of publication" or "no publisher" both are nominated in the same way (n.p.) and placed in the suitable spot in the bibliographical reference (Harvard Referencing. N.p.).[6]

•  A reference or citation, to a republished work is cited with the original publication date either in square brackets (Marx [1857] 1957, p. 90) or separated with a slash (Marx, 1857/1957, p. 90).[8] The enclosure of the original publication year succeed the suggestion otherwise that the publication originally happened in 1957.

•  If an author published numerous books in 2006, the year of the first publication (in the alphabetic order of the references in the year) is cited and quoted as 2006a, the second as 2006b and so on.

•  A citation can be placed wherever suitable in or after the sentence. If it is placed at the end of a sentence, it is placed before the period, but a quote for an entire block straight away follows the period at the end of the block as the citation is not the actual element of the quotation itself.

•  Full citations are provided in alphabetical order in a segment following the text, usually selected as "References." The differentiation between "references" list and a bibliography is that a bibliography may comprise works not directly quoted in the text.

•  All the quotes or citations are written in the same font as the main text.